Protein methyltransferases and demethylases dictate CD8+ T-cell exclusion in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

A subset of patients with recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) benefit from pembrolizumab and nivolumab, but the majority of patients do not probably due to lack of activated cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells in their tumor tissues. Herein, we aim to investigate whether specific protein methyltransferases (PMTs) and demethylases (PDMTs) could play any roles in the CD8+ T-cell exclusion process in HPV-negative SCCHN. RNA sequencing data from the TCGA database were interrogated for HPV-negative SCCHN patients using a 10-gene chemokine signature that classifies SCCHN tissues into CD8+ T-cell inflamed and non-CD8+ T-cell inflamed phenotypes. Among 53 PMT/PDMT genes examined in the TCGA HPV-negative SCCHN database, expression levels of 15 PMT/PDMT genes were significantly negatively correlated with the chemokine signature score and CD8 mRNA expression levels. The expression level of each of these 15 PMT/PDMT genes showed significantly negative correlations with immune-active chemokines, as well as HLA class I and APM molecules. siRNA-mediated knockdown of a candidate PMT, SMYD3, led to upregulation of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and TAP1 at mRNA and protein levels in HPV-negative SCCHN cell lines. These findings demonstrate that overexpression of some PMTs and PDMTs seems to be related with the non-CD8+ T-cell inflamed phenotype and may drive CD8+ T-cell exclusion in HPV-negative SCCHN. This study suggests that chromatin modifiers contribute to CD8+ T-cell exclusion and antigen presentation capacity of HPV-negative SCCHN, supporting that targeting of specific PMTs and/or PDMTs could enhance CD8+ T-cell infiltration and increase the proportion of patients that may benefit from immunotherapy.